Outlier stations are what I call USHCN stations where the data is wildly different from the majority of climate stations. I don't know why this is, but I don't use them when looking at trends. It is definitely not always the UHI
Looking at all of the US it is clear that there is a regional climate change, that doesn't seem to fit the Bruckner cycles. Speaking of, out of all the USHCN stations, only Dale Enterprise shows clear cycles when using Tmin data, which is very cool, and I have found no publications online that mention it.
I probably have a post about this elsewhere but I don't feel like looking for it right now
Here is an example of an outlier from VA, Lincoln USC00444909
It does not show the well known cooling starting in the mid 50s, and shows far too much cooling after 1995, compared with other quality stations in the Eastern US
If you are reading this, remember this is the actual data from stations, no alterations of any kind.
Precipitation data from that station also does not match other stations in the region.